| Józef Światło born Izaak Fleischfarb |
|
|---|---|
| Born | 1 January 1915 Medyn village, Russian Empire |
| Died | 2 August 1994 (aged 79) United States |
| Other names |
Izaak Lichtstein Izak Fleischfarb |
| Ethnicity | Jewish |
| Citizenship | Polish |
| Occupation | Interrogator, Deputy director |
| Known for | State Security Services (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa) |
Józef Światło (born Izaak Fleischfarb) (Medyn, 1 January 1915 – 2 September 1994, USA) was a high-ranking official of the Ministry of Public Security of Poland (deputy director of the 10th Department run by Anatol Fejgin). He was nicknamed "Butcher" – the torture master – by the MBP prisoners.[1] After the death of Stalin and the arrest of Lavrentiy Beria in 1953, Światło travelled on the Berlin subway with Fejgin through the West Berlin sector where he "slipped away" and defected to the West.
After his defection on 5 December in Berlin, he worked for the CIA and the Radio Free Europe (RFE). Światło's written and broadcasted incriminations shook the Polish United Workers' Party, and ultimately contributed to the reform of the Polish security apparatus at the end of the Stalinist period, as one of the factors leading to the political liberalisation of the socialist Polish October revolution.
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Józef Światło was born on 1 January 1915 as Izaak Fleischfarb (also Fleichfarb, Licht or Lichtstein, sources vary),[a] into a Polish Jewish family in Medyn village near Zbarazh (now Ukraine).[2] In the Second Polish Republic he was first a Zionist and later, a communist activist. He was arrested twice for his illegal activities.[2] Conscripted in 1939, he served in the Polish Army (Polish 6th Infantry Division)[1] during the Polish September Campaign that year.[2] Taken prisoner by the Germans, he escaped, only to be taken prisoner by the Red Army,[1] which invaded the East Poland where his family lived and deported east along with hundred thousands of others.[2] It was also in that period that, on 26 April 1943, he married Justyna Światło and changed his name to a more Polish-sounding one, Światło.[2] He eventually joined the Polish Forces in the East (Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division,[1] Berling Army),[2] becoming a political officer;[1] he was also promoted to junior lieutenant (podporucznik) and became involved in organising state administration in areas taken from the Germans.[1]
In 1945 he was transferred to the newly-formed Ministry of Public Security of Poland (MBP).[2] In his work, Światło, like many other communist secret police agents, used torture and forgery.[1] He was involved in arresting hundreds of members of Polish underground organization, Armia Krajowa, its leadership (the Trial of the Sixteen) and falsifying of the 1946 Polish referendum.[3] In time he was promoted to colonel; he served in various offices and departments, eventually in 1951 ending up in the 10th Department,[2] where he was one of the leading officers. The 10th Department was responsible for handling the Party members themselves.[1] He received orders personally from the First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party Bolesław Bierut, and arrested such notable people as politicians Władysław Gomułka[1] and Marian Spychalski,[3] General Michał Rola-Żymierski[1] and Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński.[1] He had access - sometimes unique - to many secret documents. He interrogated Noel Field on 27 August 1949 in Budapest as well as his brother, Herman Field (a US citizen who went to Poland to look for his brother). Herman would be secretly imprisoned for five years, until the information on him was revealed - by Światło himself.[1]
In November 1953, the First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party Bolesław Bierut asked Politburo member Jakub Berman to send MBP Lieutenant Colonel Józef Światło on an important mission to East Berlin. Światło, deputy head of MBP Department X, together with Colonel Anatol Fejgin, were asked to consult with Stasi chief Erich Mielke about eliminating Wanda Brońska.[1] Światło, however, after the death of Stalin in March 1953 and arrest of Lavrentiy Beria in June that year, became afraid for his own life.[1] He suspected that Bierut in Poland may turn on him and other members of the Ministry, attempting to make them into scapegoats.[3]
The two officers traveled to Berlin and spoke with Mielke. On 5 December 1953, the day after meeting the Stasi chief, Światło defected to the U.S. military mission in West Berlin.[1] He left family - wife and two children - in Poland. The next day, American military authorities transported Światło to Frankfurt and by Christmas Światło had been flown to Washington, D.C., where he underwent an extensive debriefing.[1] It has been reported that his interrogations were compiled into about fifty long reports.[1] The United States gave him political asylum with the full knowledge that "he would have to be protected for the rest of his life because the number of his victims and relatives of victims sworn to exact retribution was so great."[1]
Światło's defection was revealed in Poland by the Polish Press Agency on 25 October 1954,[2] with Światło labelled a traitor and provocateur.[1] It was, however, widely publicised in the United States and Europe by the US authorities, as well as in Poland via Radio Free Europe, embarrassing the Communist authorities in Warsaw - the first international press conference with Światło took place on 28 September 1954.[2] Światło had intimate knowledge of the internal politics of the Polish government, especially the activities of the various secret services. Over the course of the following months, US newspapers and Radio Free Europe (in the "Behind the scenes of the secret service and the party" cycle) reported extensively on political repression in Poland based on Światło's revelations.[2][4]
Capitalising on them, in what was known as "Operation Spotlight", RFE broadcasted some 140 interviews by Światło, and 30 programs on him.[1] Światło's RFE broadcasts were not only serialized but even distributed over Poland by special balloons.[1] Światło detailed the torture of prisoners under interrogation and politically motivated executions and struggles inside the Polish United Workers' Party.[5] None of the Polish Communists intelligence, counterintelligence and public security agencies escaped unscathed and without some of their secrets being revealed.[1]
The highly publicised defection of Colonel Światło, not to mention the general hatred of the Ministry of Public Security among Poles, led to changes in late 1954, as first the 10th Department and soon afterwards, the entire Ministry, was broken up and reorganised; many officials were arrested.[1][2][6] Światło's scandal contributed to the events of political liberalisation in Poland, known as the Polish October.[6] Bierut himself did not last much longer than Światło, he was replaced by rehabilitated Gomułka few years later (see Polish October).[1]
For a long time, it was uncertain if Światło was dead or still alive.[3] Information on him was protected by the US witness protection program; there were rumours that he died in late 1960s, 1975 or 1985.[3] In 2010, United States government stated that he had died on 2 September 1994.[7] Documents relating to him are still classified in the United States and not available to researchers.[3]
a ^ Sources vary in giving his original surname. IPN lists it as Fleischfarb, noting that this name was used by Światło himself in some documents;[2] this name is used most commonly in the sources. Several sources, such as Gluchowski, use an alternative spelling - Fleichfarb.[1] Piotrowski and several other sources also list one or two other name variants, namely: Licht and Lichtstein.[8]